From what I understand most, if not all, of the direct borrowing from Chinese occurred pre-Taisho era, and was transliterated into the Japanese pronunciation. Due to historical factors, convention, etc…
But are there any exceptions, recent or old, of loan words or phrases that tried to preserve the actual Mandarin pronunciation?
For example, english terms such as:
‘computer system’ > ‘コンピュータシステム’
‘spacecraft’ > スペースクラフト
‘solid state drive’ > ソリッドステートドライブ
etc…
Sound approximately the same.
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So you’re looking for words like 小籠包 and 青椒肉絲?